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Cognitive computing

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Cognitive computing refers to <a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">technology platforms</a> that, broadly speaking, are based on the scientific disciplines of <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>. These platforms encompass <a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="Automated_reasoning" title="Automated reasoning">reasoning</a>, <a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, <a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> and <a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">vision</a> (<a href="Object_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Object recognition">object recognition</a>), <a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">human–computer interaction</a>, <a href="Dialog_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialog system">dialog</a> and <a href="Story_generator" title="Story generator">narrative generation</a>, among other technologies.<a href="#cite_note-:02-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

At present, there is no widely agreed upon definition for cognitive computing in either <a href="Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> or industry.<a href="#cite_note-:02-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

In general, the term cognitive computing has been used to refer to new hardware and/or software that <a href="Neuromorphic_computing" title="Neuromorphic computing">mimics the functioning</a> of the <a href="Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denning-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> (2004). In this sense, cognitive computing is a new type of computing with the goal of more accurate models of how the human brain/<a href="Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> senses, <a href="Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasons</a>, and responds to stimulus. Cognitive computing applications link <a href="Data_analysis" title="Data analysis">data analysis</a> and adaptive page displays (<a href="Adaptive_user_interface" title="Adaptive user interface">AUI</a>) to adjust content for a particular type of audience. As such, cognitive computing hardware and applications strive to be more <a href="Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affective</a> and more influential by design.

The term "cognitive system" also applies to any artificial construct able to perform a cognitive process where a cognitive process is the transformation of data, information, knowledge, or wisdom to a new level in the <a href="DIKW_Pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="DIKW Pyramid">DIKW Pyramid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> While many cognitive systems employ techniques having their origination in <a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research, cognitive systems, themselves, may not be artificially intelligent. For example, a <a href="Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural network</a> trained to recognize cancer on an <a href="MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> scan may achieve a higher success rate than a human doctor. This system is certainly a cognitive system but is not artificially intelligent.

Cognitive systems may be engineered to feed on dynamic data in real-time, or near real-time,<a href="#cite_note-Ferrucci-11">[11]</a> and may draw on multiple sources of information, including both structured and <a href="Unstructured_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstructured information">unstructured</a> digital information, as well as sensory inputs (visual, gestural, auditory, or sensor-provided).<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cognitive_analytics">Cognitive analytics</h2></div>

Cognitive computing-branded technology platforms typically specialize in the processing and analysis of large, <a href="Unstructured_data" title="Unstructured data">unstructured datasets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Education</dt>

<dd>Even if cognitive computing can not take the place of teachers, it can still be a heavy driving force in the education of students. Cognitive computing being used in the classroom is applied by essentially having an assistant that is personalized for each individual student. This cognitive assistant can relieve the stress that teachers face while teaching students, while also enhancing the student's learning experience over all.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Teachers may not be able to pay each and every student individual attention, this being the place that cognitive computers fill the gap. Some students may need a little more help with a particular subject. For many students, Human interaction between student and teacher can cause <a href="Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and can be uncomfortable. With the help of Cognitive Computer <a href="Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tutors</a>, students will not have to face their uneasiness and can gain the confidence to learn and do well in the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> While a student is in class with their personalized assistant, this assistant can develop various techniques, like creating lesson plans, to tailor and aid the student and their needs.</dd>

<dt>Healthcare</dt>

<dd>Numerous tech companies are in the process of developing technology that involves cognitive computing that can be used in the medical field. The ability to classify and identify is one of the main goals of these cognitive devices.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This trait can be very helpful in the study of identifying <a href="Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>. This cognitive system that can detect would be able to assist the examiner in interpreting countless numbers of documents in a lesser amount of time than if they did not use Cognitive Computer technology. This technology can also evaluate information about the patient, looking through every medical record in depth, searching for indications that can be the source of their problems.</dd>

<dt>Commerce</dt>

<dd>Together with Artificial Intelligence, it has been used in warehouse management systems  to collect, store, organize and analyze all related supplier data. All these aims at improving efficiency, enabling faster decision-making, monitoring inventory and fraud detection<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></dd>

<dt>Human Cognitive Augmentation</dt>

<dd>In situations where humans are using or working collaboratively with cognitive systems, called a human/cog ensemble, results achieved by the ensemble are superior to results obtainable by the human working alone. Therefore, the human is cognitively augmented.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In cases where the human/cog ensemble achieves results at, or superior to, the level of a human expert then the ensemble has achieved synthetic expertise.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In a human/cog ensemble, the "cog" is a cognitive system employing virtually any kind of cognitive computing technology.</dd></dl>

<dl><dt>Other use cases</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Face_detection" title="Face detection">Face detection</a></li>

<li><a href="Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraud_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraud detection">Fraud detection</a></li>

<li>Behavioral recommendations</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_work">Industry work</h2></div>

Cognitive computing in conjunction with <a href="Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> and <a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> that comprehend <a href="Customer_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Customer needs">customer needs</a>, can be a major advantage in economic <a href="Decision_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Decision making">decision making</a>.

The powers of cognitive computing and artificial intelligence hold the potential to affect almost every task that humans are capable of performing. This can negatively affect employment for humans, as there would be no such need for human labor anymore. It would also increase the <a href="Inequality_of_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Inequality of wealth">inequality of wealth</a>; the people at the head of the cognitive computing industry would grow significantly richer, while workers without ongoing, reliable employment would become less well off.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a>

The more industries start to use cognitive computing, the more difficult it will be for humans to compete.<a href="#cite_note-:0-22">[22]</a> Increased use of the technology will also increase the amount of work that AI-driven <a href="Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> and machines can perform. Only extraordinarily talented, capable and motivated humans would be able to keep up with the machines. The influence of competitive individuals in conjunction with artificial intelligence/cognitive computing with has the potential to change the course of humankind.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">Affective computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Analytics" title="Analytics">Analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></li>

<li><a href="Brain_computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain computer interface">Brain computer interface</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_computer" title="Cognitive computer">Cognitive computer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive reasoning">Cognitive reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_cognitive_system" title="Enterprise cognitive system">Enterprise cognitive system</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">Social neuroscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="AI_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="AI accelerator">AI accelerator</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRussell2016" class="citation web cs1">Russell, John (February 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpcwire.com/2016/02/25/25170/">"Mapping Out a New Role for Cognitive Computing in Science"</a>. HPCwire. Retrieved April 21, 2016.</cite></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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